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Benchmark: Max Transactions Per Second

Determination of the maximum transactions per second that can be processed in a single thread. This is useful as an upper bound on max throughput assuming infinite proving speeds (ex. TEE or parallel ZK proving).

Note: Please keep in mind that this benchmark shows results for single-threaded performance only.

Setup

Before running the benchmark, make sure your machine is set up and ready to go. Refer to the Setup Guide for how to set everything up with dependencies.

Running

Run the benchmark with the following command:

cd benchmarks/max-tps
cargo run --release

Options

The following options are available:

Options:
      --tps <TPS>
          The target TPS [default: 100000]
      --active-accounts-percentage <ACTIVE_ACCOUNTS_PERCENTAGE>
          The target percentage of accounts active per second [default: 10]
      --block-time <BLOCK_TIME>
          The target block time in ms [default: 1000]
      --max-blocks-per-fetch <MAX_BLOCKS_PER_FETCH>
          Maximum blocks per fetch [default: 4]
  -h, --help
          Print help
  -V, --version
          Print version

Output

The code will run a node in a mock setup where it simulates a large load of transactions to process. The benchmark will tell you if your machine was able to keep up with the target TPS or not. Keep an eye on the output. If your machine is struggling to keep up, you will see output like:

2025-09-12T18:16:48.602157Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=200000 height=28

When the fetcher starts pulling more than one block at a time, it is because the node is behind and is trying to catch up by processing multiple blocks at a time. This is a sign that your machine might be struggling. You want to see a consistent num_blocks=1 for all fetching and processing.

Benchmark Results

The following results were obtained on the various reference machines.

AMD Ryzen 9 9950X

Benchmarking max single-threaded transactions per second.
Targeting 225000 tps, with 2250000 accounts (10% of accounts active per second).
Block time 1000ms, with 4 max blocks per fetch.
Running node with test scenario for 30 seconds...

2025-09-14T01:42:49.959604Z  INFO [TestScenario]: Building scenario         num_accounts=2250000
2025-09-14T01:43:00.528375Z  INFO [TestScenario]: Building scenario finished [root hash: 0x913c053cc632c131e0d8c7fca22193fe20cea80356b74bcc01fca853c5e96355]
2025-09-14T01:43:00.528461Z  INFO [ByteArchiver]: Clearing archive data
2025-09-14T01:43:01.048078Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=225000 height=1
2025-09-14T01:43:01.379821Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 225000 events in 304.317354ms
2025-09-14T01:43:01.379869Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:01.936981Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 557.102564ms
2025-09-14T01:43:02.040865Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=225000 height=2
2025-09-14T01:43:02.334959Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 225000 events in 265.485934ms
2025-09-14T01:43:02.335012Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:02.786079Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 451.058817ms
2025-09-14T01:43:03.037290Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=225000 height=3
2025-09-14T01:43:03.350340Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 225000 events in 284.56389ms
2025-09-14T01:43:03.350388Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:03.796402Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 446.004813ms

...

2025-09-14T01:43:23.039395Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=225000 height=23
2025-09-14T01:43:23.375318Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 225000 events in 308.390141ms
2025-09-14T01:43:23.375362Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:23.757519Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 382.146872ms
2025-09-14T01:43:23.757610Z  INFO [ByteArchiver]: Archiving data   height=23
2025-09-14T01:43:24.768893Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=450000 height=25
2025-09-14T01:43:25.338158Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 450000 events in 512.587512ms
2025-09-14T01:43:25.338205Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:26.114338Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 776.123226ms
2025-09-14T01:43:26.137219Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=450000 height=27
2025-09-14T01:43:26.734739Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 450000 events in 540.856893ms
2025-09-14T01:43:26.734795Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:27.668884Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 934.078759ms
2025-09-14T01:43:27.690574Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=450000 height=29
2025-09-14T01:43:28.308201Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 450000 events in 561.210425ms
2025-09-14T01:43:28.308245Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:29.297216Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 988.961423ms
2025-09-14T01:43:29.306080Z  WARN [TestEventFetcher]: Event fetching behind head (1 block behind)   num_blocks=1 num_events=225000 height=30
2025-09-14T01:43:29.639557Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 225000 events in 305.266548ms
2025-09-14T01:43:29.639608Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-14T01:43:30.110050Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 470.433196ms

AWS c6i.8xlarge

Benchmarking max single-threaded transactions per second.
Targeting 150000 tps, with 1500000 accounts (10% of accounts active per second).
Block time 1000ms, with 4 max blocks per fetch.
Running node with test scenario for 30 seconds...

2025-09-12T18:29:53.843441Z  INFO [TestScenario]: Building scenario         num_accounts=1500000
2025-09-12T18:30:01.798250Z  INFO [TestScenario]: Building scenario finished [root hash: 0x630adb403c1a384def0b0b491f3df1fec0b899711ee200a2c1fce50fb94d18e9]
2025-09-12T18:30:01.798291Z  INFO [ByteArchiver]: Clearing archive data
2025-09-12T18:30:02.384816Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=150000 height=1
2025-09-12T18:30:02.670385Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 150000 events in 252.241129ms
2025-09-12T18:30:02.670409Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:03.128541Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 458.12584ms
2025-09-12T18:30:03.386808Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=150000 height=2
2025-09-12T18:30:03.619979Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 150000 events in 199.967273ms
2025-09-12T18:30:03.619999Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:04.115729Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 495.722781ms
2025-09-12T18:30:04.385084Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=150000 height=3
2025-09-12T18:30:04.656647Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 150000 events in 238.33803ms
2025-09-12T18:30:04.656671Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:05.152038Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 495.359951ms

...

2025-09-12T18:30:24.383323Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=1 num_events=150000 height=23
2025-09-12T18:30:24.680214Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 150000 events in 263.571881ms
2025-09-12T18:30:24.680240Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:25.096985Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 416.7377ms
2025-09-12T18:30:25.097023Z  INFO [ByteArchiver]: Archiving data   height=23
2025-09-12T18:30:25.660007Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=300000 height=25
2025-09-12T18:30:26.194475Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 300000 events in 468.049724ms
2025-09-12T18:30:26.194500Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:26.889529Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 695.021649ms
2025-09-12T18:30:26.927824Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=300000 height=27
2025-09-12T18:30:27.481511Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 300000 events in 487.178985ms
2025-09-12T18:30:27.481537Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:28.300224Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 818.678707ms
2025-09-12T18:30:28.336438Z  INFO [TestEventFetcher]: Fetched events   num_blocks=2 num_events=300000 height=29
2025-09-12T18:30:28.910408Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 300000 events in 507.384298ms
2025-09-12T18:30:28.910433Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:29.693407Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 782.966297ms
2025-09-12T18:30:29.707989Z  WARN [TestEventFetcher]: Event fetching behind head (1 block behind)   num_blocks=1 num_events=150000 height=30
2025-09-12T18:30:29.972715Z  INFO [Main]: Processed 150000 events in 231.425624ms
2025-09-12T18:30:29.972748Z  INFO [Main]: Flushing State
2025-09-12T18:30:30.381386Z  INFO [Main]: State Flushed in 408.630229ms

Benchmark complete (elapsed time: 28.24s)
Node was able to keep up with targeted 150000 tps, with 1500000 accounts (10% of accounts active per second).
However, double check the node output to see if there was any struggle.
Try running the benchmark again with a higher tps target to find the limit (--tps <value>).